The first part of this paper introduces different approaches adopted towards 'QUALITY' and 'ASSESSMENT' as two technical terms frequently employed by many TRANSLATION scholars and evaluators when discussing theoretical and practical aspects of TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT. Presented in the second part are five different evaluation methods and procedures most-frequently applied by TRANSLATION instructors and raters for educational purposes in educational settings. The paper concludes with suggestions for some comparative/contrasted studies aimed at measuring time-effectiveness, accuracy, user-friendliness and degree of objectivity of ratings performed using each and every one of the five methods introduced.

The practice of TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT is intimately tied to and framed by the theoretical assumptions and beliefs about QUALITY TRANSLATION and TRANSLATION QUALITY, regardless of whether they are explicitly articulated or tacitly fostered.Thinking through these theoretical QUALITY ASSESSMENT underpinnings can aid ASSESSMENT researchers and practitioners to develop deeper understanding of TRANSLATION QUALITY and hence its ASSESSMENT. While TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT literature abounds with traditional, narrow approach of forcing TRANSLATION QUALITY into artificially neat dichotomous or polytomous divisions, we tend to argue that this approach is unhelpful as it proved to be unable to engender a common shared platform of discourse among ASSESSMENT theorists and practitioners, particularly when it comes to TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT in education. It also appears that the concept of TRANSLATION QUALITY has been confused for the construct of TRANSLATION ability. Maintaining that QUALITY impinges on QUALITY performance which, itself, is underlied by the construct of TRANSLATION ability, we argue that we need to turn the debate on and the quest for the hardly practically applicable polar divisions to more theoretical and empirical characterization of what QUALITY generates from. As a step forward, we further suggest that TRANSLATION researchers and testers address the relationship between TRANSLATION competence and TRANSLATION performance in the context of TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT research and practice.

ABSTRACT Considering the concept of QUALITY of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the QUALITY of life. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the QUALITY of life. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the QUALITY of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the QUALITY of life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the QUALITY of life. So, the indicators affecting the QUALITY of life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the QUALITY of life; this shows that the QUALITY of life indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction QUALITY of life is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering the concept of QUALITY of life equally in all cities has caused the level of QUALITY of life to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent years. On the other hand, considering the concept of QUALITY of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the QUALITY of life. Following this, the main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective factors for improving the QUALITY of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, the cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to the size of the city, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the factors affecting the QUALITY of life are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology The research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of QUALITY of life, first, the indicators were separated into separate and structured factors using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And then, step by step regression method was used to measure the effective factors in improving the QUALITY of life in cities.   Results and discussion The research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 factors were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 factors in Qazvin city as effective factors on the QUALITY of life in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain the factors affecting the improvement of the QUALITY of life in small and middle cities, the factors extracted from the factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. Furthermore, finally, (13) factors were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) factors in Qazvin as the main factors influencing the QUALITY of life. The analysis of the findings indicates that in Zia Abad, factors such as life expectancy and social relations, security, the state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, the state of urban furniture, urban traffic, the state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving the QUALITY of life. In Qazvin, factors such as the state of urban services, the state of green and public spaces in the city, the state of security and economic opportunities in the city, the density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural life, the state of roads and leisure in the city are effective in explaining the QUALITY of life. Following this, according to the above findings, QUALITY of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to the type of cities and the specific characteristics of cities. Therefore, the QUALITY of life and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes the factors affecting the QUALITY of life to be different. Therefore, considering the QUALITY of life and its indicators to be the same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to the decline of the QUALITY of life and the failure of QUALITY of life improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, the research results indicate that QUALITY of life is a simple concept covering various urban life aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in the excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with their urban life. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, the perception of people in different cities and communities about the concept of QUALITY of life and the factors affecting it can be different. Following this, factors and indicators should be selected according to the characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve the QUALITY of life for each city. Thus, this research, using the classification of cities based on the size of the city, has presented factors specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and the great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the QUALITY of life; this shows that the QUALITY of life indicators are different in all cities.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Over the years, TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT (TQA) has, no doubt, received increasing attention among researchers and practitioners in higher education. Accordingly, this growing attention is expected to be reflected in TQA approaches and TRANSLATION pedagogy in educational settings. The main aim of the current study, which is a qualitative content analysis one, is to report on a survey of TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT Literacy (TASL) and the ways TQA is practiced in higher education in Iran. The sample of the study included 30 senior B.A. students and 15 university instructors of English TRANSLATION, who were randomly selected from 10 Iranian universities. A comprehensive interactional semi-structured interview, aiming to explore TQA approaches, level and QUALITY of interviewees’ ASSESSMENT literacy, and current limitations and deficiencies of the approaches, was the instrument of the study. The results of the study underscored the necessity of more principled approaches and profound ASSESSMENT literacy in TQA and, more importantly, its effective practice in higher education settings.

This paper seeks to scrutinize the TRANSLATION certification ASSESSMENT through an in depth descriptive research. After reviewing various methods of TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT, a full description is provided concerning all the stages of the ASSESSMENT program. This way, each stage of ASSESSMENT is critically evaluated, clarifying the reasons for some of the unsystematic procedures and the need for moving towards a more viable model of TRANSLATION process-oriented certification ASSESSMENT. For data collection, 8 authorities of the examining board of the Technical Office of Official Translator sat Justice Department and 31 participants were given a questionnaire and an interview on the procedures of the ASSESSMENT.The further analysis of the data revealed that the most crucial stage of ASSESSMENT was based on a non-standard summative test, and that there were a number of irregularities in each and every stage of the ASSESSMENT without considering the procedures undertaken by the translator to resolve problems (Hatim and Mason, 1990: 3). In conclusion, a holistic view of TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT programs is offered based on the translating processes.

This qualitative study attempted to determine the approaches of select Iranian translator educators for assessing students’ TRANSLATION QUALITY. So, a purposive sample of twelve experienced, specialist translator educators at major universities across Iran was invited for interviews. The analysis of the interview data revealed the approaches they advocated and so applied to ASSESSMENT of students’ TRANSLATION QUALITY. The Iranian translator educators’ approaches were then compared and contrasted with distinguished models and approaches to TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT. Using the procedure of grounded theory, a method of qualitative data analysis, the interview data was coded and analyzed. The results showed that there are many similarities and common areas among the translator educators in approaching students’ TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT. To a great extent, these approaches conform to the approaches and models of TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT presented by international TQA theorists and that the only difference lies in the degree of importance of the ASSESSMENT criteria depending on different TRANSLATION courses, the text type and genre.

As English TRANSLATION ability is a process and cannot be developed overnight, it needs continuous control of teachers at its initial stages. Thus, the researchers decided to explore the impact of dynamic ASSESSMENT on Iranian English TRANSLATION students’ TRANSLATION QUALITY. The study was performed on 49 male and female English TRANSLATION students from two intact classes at Islamic Azad University – Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran. On a random basis, one of the classes was taken as the control and the other as the experimental group. The participants in both groups took the TRANSLATION pre-test and translated texts from English into Farsi. During instructional sessions, the control group was taught based on traditional methods whereas the experimental group was taught and assessed according to the principles of DA. At last, the post-test was administered in both groups. Analysis of Covariance was run on the collected data, the results of which revealed a significant difference between the groups and the experimental group, who experienced DA, outperformed the control group. The findings of the study could prove useful for TRANSLATION teachers, students, textbook designers, and material developers in paving the way for the development of skillful and independent translators.

After the first results of the study done in order to develop a valid scale for TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT at the undergraduate level was published in the thirty fourth issue of TRANSLATION Studies, the scale was used in several researches conducted by some of the colleagues and students. This has brought about a need for more details on the theoretical models behind the descriptors and the share of each one in the overall image of the QUALITY of the TRANSLATION protocols being evaluated. As an answer to this need, the theoretical models from which the employed operational definitions of the descriptors were derived are presented in this paper. Moreover, discussions of validity of the scale are provided through correlational analyses of the results of QUALITY ASSESSMENTs with individual descriptors. Using these and analysis of the data gathered with the questionnaire of knowledge of TRANSLATION and the questionnaire 01 TRANSLATION problems validity of the scale is established.

Recently TRANSLATION researchers have endeavored to adopt new directions in the current TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT (TQA) approaches. To this end, they made them more congruent with the desired requirements of a translator’s competence, especially considering the latest paradigm shifts, including ideological skewing and localization (Tiselius & Hild, 2017). Thus, such frameworks as Angelelli’s (2009) definition of TRANSLATION competence (TC), as the study’s theoretical framework, need to be improved. An attempt was made in this study to design a rubric based on the proposed TQA model representing the TC construct with its comprehensive sub-components and finally, to test its applicability to the Persian TRANSLATION of The Catcher in the Rye. The ASSESSMENT procedure through which the obtained results were textually analyzed based on the proposed rubric specifically for each sub-component, revealed the inadequacy of the TRANSLATION QUALITY on the whole and the underlying implications of the rubric’s applicability to other TRANSLATION products.

In the response phase the most important step is to assess disaster after occurrence. By disaster ASSESSMENT, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also disaster planning. Lack of disaster ASSESSMENT causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect disaster response. According to IFRC, disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without disaster ASSESSMENT. This paper presents the principles and concepts of disaster ASSESSMENT.